Nanotheranostics: A powerful next-generation solution to tackle hepatocellular carcinoma
Immune Checkpoint LAG3 and Its Ligand FGL1 in Cancer
LAG3 is the most promising immune checkpoint next to PD-1 and CTLA-4. High LAG3 and FGL1 expression boosts tumor growth by inhibiting the immune microenvironment. This review comprises four sections presenting the structure/expression, interaction, biological effects, and clinical application of LAG3/FGL1. D1 and D2 of LAG3 and FD of FGL1 are the LAG3-FGL1 interaction domains. LAG3 accumulates on the surface of lymphocytes in various tumors, but is also found in the cytoplasm in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells.
FGL1 is found in the cytoplasm in NSCLC cells and on the surface of breast cancer cells. The LAG3-FGL1 interaction mechanism remains unclear, and the intracellular signals require elucidation. LAG3/FGL1 activity is associated with immune cell infiltration, proliferation, and secretion.
Cytokine production is enhanced when LAG3/FGL1 are co-expressed with PD-1. IMP321 and relatlimab are promising monoclonal antibodies targeting LAG3 in melanoma. The clinical use of anti-FGL1 antibodies has not been reported. Finally, high FGL1 and LAG3 expression induces EGFR-TKI and gefitinib resistance, and anti-PD-1 therapy resistance, respectively. We present a comprehensive overview of the role of LAG3/FGL1 in cancer, suggesting novel anti-tumor therapy strategies.
Futility in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: A Search for Clarity
Although transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has revolutionised the landscape of treatment for aortic stenosis, there exists a cohort of patients where TAVI is deemed futile. Among the pivotal high-risk trials, one-third to half of patients either died or received no symptomatic benefit from the procedure at 1 year.
Futility of TAVI results in the unnecessary exposure of risk for patients and inefficient resource utilisation for healthcare services. Several cardiac and extra-cardiac conditions and frailty increase the risk of mortality despite TAVI. Among the survivors, these comorbidities can inhibit improvements in symptoms and quality of life. However, certain conditions are reversible with TAVI (e.g. functional mitral regurgitation), attenuating the risk and improving outcomes.
Quantification of disease severity, identification of reversible factors and a systematic evaluation of frailty can substantially improve risk stratification and outcomes. This review examines the contribution of pre-existing comorbidities towards futility in TAVI and suggests a systematic approach to guide patient evaluation.
A practical method for storage, preservation and transportation of anuran urine samples using filter paper for hormone analysis
- High-Performance Liquid Chromatography was performed and revealed immunoreactive progesterone and testosterone metabolites in the urine samples.
- Urinary hormone metabolites concentration stored in filter paper at room temperature and control samples stored in -20°C for the same period were similar.
- Whatman grade 50 was found to be more suitable for storage of hormones than grade 3 paper for the experiments performed.
- A cheap and simple storage method for storage of anuran urine in field conditions using filter papers.
- Anuran urine could be preserved and transported under ambient conditions without significant changes and loss of hormones.
- This method would facilitate the endocrine monitoring of anurans in remote areas where limited logistics are available.
Whatman Filter Holder 13mm - PK10 |
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420100 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK10 | 125.55 EUR |
Whatman ReZist Filter 0.45µm - PK100 |
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FIL2498 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 371.25 EUR |
Whatman 240mm Filter Circle - PK100 |
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1114-240 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 55.35 EUR |
Whatman CN Filter 3um 25mm - PK100 |
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7193002 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 186.3 EUR |
Whatman 142mm GF/F Filter - PK25 |
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1825142 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK25 | 201.15 EUR |
Whatman 10mm PE Filter - PK100 |
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230300 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 86.4 EUR |
Whatman Filter Pads Grade 181 - PK100 |
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2181-090 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 33.75 EUR |
Whatman filter paper G52 125MM - EACH |
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FIL2261 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 64.8 EUR |
Whatman ReZist Filter 0.2µm - PK100 |
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FIL2496 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 371.25 EUR |
Whatman Filter Holder 25mm SSteel - EACH |
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FIL3204 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 568.35 EUR |
Filter Paper Whatman G1 580x680 - PK100 |
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FIL2044 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 299.7 EUR |
Whatman Syringe Filter 0.45um - PK100 |
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6789-0404 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 222.75 EUR |
Whatman MiniUniprep Filter 0.2um PES |
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CHR2061 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 229.68 EUR |
Whatman MiniUniprep Filter 0.45um PP |
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CHR2065 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 229.68 EUR |
Whatman MiniUniprep Filter 0.45um PP |
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CHR2072 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 224.73 EUR |
WHATMAN PURADISC 13 SYRINGE FILTER |
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WHA67881304 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 223.74 EUR |
Whatman Filter Paper No 93 110mm - PK100 |
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FIL3394 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 13.5 EUR |
Whatman Filter Paper No 93 125mm - PK100 |
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FIL3396 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 14.85 EUR |
Whatman No 595 110mm Filter Paper - PK100 |
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FIL7030 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 18.9 EUR |
Whatman No 595 125mm Filter Paper - PK100 |
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FIL7031 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 22.95 EUR |
Whatman No 595 150mm Filter Paper - PK100 |
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FIL7032 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 27 EUR |
Whatman No 597 150mm Filter Paper - PK100 |
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FIL7083 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 32.4 EUR |
Whatman No 597 185mm Filter Paper - PK100 |
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FIL7085 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 44.55 EUR |
Whatman No 597 240mm Filter Paper - PK100 |
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FIL7086 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 71.55 EUR |
Whatman No 5892 110mm Filter Paper - PK100 |
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FIL7282 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 52.65 EUR |
Whatman No 5892 125mm Filter Paper - PK100 |
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FIL7284 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 64.8 EUR |